इस आर्टिकल में सभी 12 Tenses (काल) की Definition, Rules वो भी Tense Charts और PDF के साथ बिल्कुल सरल Hindi और English में उपलब्ध है। आपसे मेरी request है कि इस English Grammar आर्टिकल में दिये एक एक वीडियो को, एक एक Chart को ध्यान से देखिए, समझिए और नोट्स बनाइए। मेरा दावा है, आप Tense अच्छे से सीख जायेंगे।
तो अब हम जानते हैं कि काल तीन प्रकार के होते हैंः वर्तमान, भूत एवं भविष्य।
So now we know, there are three types of Tenses: Present, Past & Future.
अब हम इन Rules के हिसाब से जरा कुछ Sentences में Tense की पहचान करते हैं (ये वीडियो देखिए) –
I did not buy the book.
I have recognized his voice.
I have found a watch.
These people are not letting us play.
I have gone there once.
अब तक आपको ये Identify करना जरूर आ गया होगा कि कोई भी Sentences किस Tense में है। अब आगे एक एक करके सभी Tenses को cover करते हैं।
इस Tense को Simple Present Tense भी कहते हैं। (Also known as the Simple Present Tense.)
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” ता है, ती है, ते हैं “ लगकर आता है।
जैसे – मैं जाता हूँ, वो आता है, आप नहाते हो आदि।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
अगर आपको 1st Person, 2nd Person, 3rd Person का ज्ञान नहीं है तो कोई बात नहीं, ये वीडियो पूरी देख लो –
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + V1 + {3rd person Singular के साथ s/es) + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + does/do + not + V1 + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + does/do + Subject + V1 + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + does/do + Subject + not + V1 + Object?
If the verb ends with ‘o’, es is added at the end of the verb.
Example: go becomes goes, do becomes does, etc.
If the verb ends with ‘ss’ or ‘sh’, es is added at the end of the verb.
Example: kiss becomes kisses, buzz becomes buzzes, etc.
If the verb ends with an ‘x’, ‘zz’, or a ‘ch’, es is added at the end of the verb.
Example: fix becomes fixes, relax becomes relaxes, etc.
If the main verb ends with y with a consonant preceding it, es is added at the end of the verb.
Example: work becomes works, marry becomes marries, try becomes tries, etc.
If the verb ends with y with a vowel preceding it, an ‘s’ is added at the end of the verb.
Example: say becomes says, play becomes plays, etc.
अब ये वीडियो देखिए। आपको बारीकियाँ समझ आ जायेंगी Present Indefinite Tense की। ये भी पता लगेगा कि कब Interrogative Sentence बिल्कुल Affirmative Sentence की तरह बनता है। (Who के साथ)
Ram runs for a km every day.
I run faster than you.
She talks to me.
He wants to learn.
They work hard.
Ram does not run.
I do not play basketball.
They do not read books.
He does not want to learn.
They do not work hard.
Does he sing?
Why do you go there?
Until what time do we play?
Does he go to school?
Does he wake up at 4 o’clock?
Does he not go to school?
Does he not study hard?
Do they not play together?
Why do you not scold him?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं “ लगकर आता है।
जैसे – मैं जा रहा हूँ, वो आ रहा है, आप सो रहे हो आदि।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
3rd person Singular Subject के साथ – IS
1st Person Singular Subject (I) के साथ – AM
बाकी सभी (Rest all) के साथ – ARE
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + is/am/are + Subject + V1 + ing + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + is/am/are + Subject + not + V1 + ing + Object?
She is going for a walk.
I am studying.
They are having/taking/eating dinner.
They are going to a party.
She is crying.
She is not going for a walk.
I am not studying.
They are not having dinner.
They are not going to party.
She is not crying.
Am I going to the party?
Why is she crying?
Am I writing the letter?
Why is she not going for a walk?
Are we not going to school today?
Why you are not appearing for your examination today?
Why is he not playing cricket this morning?
Why are you not studying hard for your examinations?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” चुका है, चुकी है, चुके हैं, लिया है, दिया है, गया है, ली है, दी है, की है” लगकर आता है।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
3rd person Singular Subject के साथ – HAS
बाकी सभी Subjects के साथ – HAVE
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + has/have + V3 + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + has/have + not + V3 + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + has/have + Subject + V3 + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + has/have + Subject + not + V3 + Object?
The guests have left.
Ram has gone to school.
We have surrounded the premises.
She has replied to my message.
She has passed the exams.
You have not completed your homework.
Ram has not gone out to play.
They have not arrived yet.
They have not called us back.
Have you prepared for the upcoming examinations?
Has she read your book?
Have they called us back?
Have they returned your school notebook?
Have they finished playing the game?
Why have you not paid the library dues?
Why has she not applied for the Mathematics Olympiad?
Why have they not eaten the food?
Why has she not brought her books?
Why have you not done your homework?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं “ लगकर आता है और साथ ही ” समय के साथ से “ का जिक्र होता है।
जैसे – मैं 2 बजे से खेल रहा हूँ, वो सुबह से खा रहा है, आप काफी देर से सो रहे हो आदि।
से के लिए –
Since का प्रयोग किसी निश्चित समय से के साथ – The word ‘since’ is used to express the exact time in which the action started.
For का प्रयोग किसी समयावधि से के साथ –The word ‘for’ is used to express an unknown amount of time passed.
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
3rd person Singular Subject के साथ – HAS BEEN
बाकी सभी Subjects के साथ – HAVE BEEN
अगर आप Since और For के प्रयोग को थोडा और बेहतर समझना चाहें तो नीचे दी गयी ये वीडियो देख लीजिए।
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + has/have + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + has/have + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + has/have + Subject + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + has/have + Subject + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}?
He has been living here since 1947.
Ram has been walking for one hour.
She has been reading this book for a week.
They have been studying since 7 o’clock.
He has been waiting for me for an hour.
She has not been studying since Sunday.
They have not been meeting each other for a year.
They have not been exercising since Monday.
He has not been practicing for a month.
You have not been returning my calls for a month.
What have they been talking about for two hours?
Why have they been fighting since last week?
Has she been teaching for twenty-five years?
Who has been making noise for the last one hour?
Has he been reading the same book for the past seven days?
What has he been doing in his room since yesterday?
Has he not been working on the same project for the last two weeks?
Have I not been saying the same thing since morning?
Have you not been going to the same hair dresser since 2011?
इस Tense को Simple Past Tense भी कहते हैं। (Also known as the Simple Past Tense.)
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” आया, गया, रोया, सोया, ली, दी, की ” लगकर आता है।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सकारात्मक वाक्यों (Affirmative Sentences) में हमेशा Verb की 2nd form का प्रयोग किया जाता है। बाकी सभी तरह के वाक्यों (Negative, Interrogative or Neg. Int. Sentences) में सभी Subjects के साथ – DID का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + V2 + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + did + not + V1 + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + did + Subject + V1 + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + did + Subject + not + V1 + Object?
Which helping verb with which subject??
सभी Subjects के साथ – DID
Note: No helping verb is used in affirmative sentences.
They went out for a walk.
He wrote a letter to her.
They played with their friends.
We submitted our homework on time.
They qualified for the exam.
They did not qualify for the finals.
They could not catch the bus on time.
They did not like the gift.
I did not wait for him.
She did not like the movie.
Did you like the book?
Did he read the book till the last page?
Did he start preparing for his examinations?
Why did they shift from their home?
Did they forget to submit their assignments?
Did I not bring my documents?
Did she not like dinner?
Did he not appear for the examination?
Did they not know about the quiz?
The “Past Continuous Tense” is also referred to as the “Past Progressive Tense“.
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे “ लगकर आता है।
जैसे – मैं जा रहा था, वो आ रहा था, आप सो रहे थे आदि।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
Singular Subjects के साथ – WAS
Plural Subjects के साथ – WERE
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + was/were + not + V1 + ing + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + was/were + Subject + V1 + ing + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + was/were + Subject + not + V1 + ing + Object?
He was writing an article.
They were working on the project.
She was completing her Mathematics homework.
He was preparing for his upcoming examinations.
She was repairing her car.
They were not going out.
She was getting ready for the picnic.
They were decorating the classroom for Teacher’s Day.
The children were running around the garden.
Were they leaving to go to college?
Was she accompanying them to the party?
Where were they organizing the picnic?
What was she doing?
Was she singing a song?
Why was their Mother not scolding them for their mistakes?
Why were you not calling out to me?
Was she not working during office hours?
Was I not answering the questions correctly?
Why was he not going for his walks?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” चुका था, चुकी थी, चुके थे, लिया था, दिया था, गया था, ली थी, दी थी, की थी” लगकर आता है। सभी Subjects के साथ – HAD का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + had + V3 + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + had + not + V3 + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + had + Subject + V3 + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + had + Subject + not + V3 + Object?
The patient had passed away before the arrival of the doctor.
She had undergone numerous surgeries during her childhood.
She had completed the assignments but forgot to take them to school.
They had consumed too much junk food.
You had left even before I reached.
The class monitor had not informed the students about the deadline.
We had not cleaned our dorm room.
They had not gone to school.
She had worn her new dress for her school farewell.
Had you prepared for your examination?
Why had she written a letter?
Who had he asked for help?
Had he quit smoking?
Why had he left before I reached the place?
Why had she not invited you to her party?
Had they not changed the date of the examination yet?
Why had he not appeared for the examination?
Why had you not taken the medicine at the designated timings?
Why had they not accepted the proposal?
अगर आप में से कोई भी Present Perfect, Past Indefinite और Past Perfect के बीच के फर्क को नहीं समझ पा रहा हो, तो नीचे दी गयी वीडियो को आखिर तक देखिएगा। बहुत आसान सा फर्क है।
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे “ लगकर आता है और साथ ही ” समय के साथ से “ का जिक्र होता है।
जैसे – मैं 2 बजे से खेल रहा था, वो सुबह से खा रहा था, आप काफी देर से सो रहे थे आदि।
से के लिए –
Since का प्रयोग किसी निश्चित समय से के साथ – The word ‘since’ is used to express the exact time in which the action started.
For का प्रयोग किसी समयावधि से के साथ –The word ‘for’ is used to express the duration of time.
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सभी Subjects के साथ – HAD BEEN
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + had + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + had + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + had + Subject + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + had + Subject + not + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/For + {TIME}?
Which helping verb with which subject??
सभी Subjects के साथ – HAD
They had been watching the movie for two hours.
She had been studying since 8 o’clock.
He had been applying for jobs for six months.
They had been running their business for over fifteen years.
I had been waiting for you since last week.
They had not been watching the movie for two hours.
She had not been studying since 8 o’clock.
He had not been applying for jobs for six months.
They had not been reading books for the last two weeks.
The kids had not been playing since 5 o’ clock.
Had they been working on the project since 2017?
Why had he been eating vegetarian food for two months?
Why had they been using the same camera since 2015?
Why had she not been taking her medicine for two days?
Why had they not been cleaning their room for three weeks?
Why had he not been practicing for the examination since Monday?
Had he not been studying since his father left for work?
इस Tense को Simple Present Tense भी कहते हैं। (Also known as the Simple Present Tense.)
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” गा, गे, गी” लगकर आता है।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सभी Subjects के साथ – WILL
अब “SHALL” का प्रयोग केवल एक Modal Verb की तरह ही किया जाता है। इसीलिए अब आप अक्सर देखते हैं कि सभी Subjects के साथ “WILL” का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will + V1 + Obj.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will + not + V1 + Obj.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + V1 + Obj.?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + not + V1 + Obj.?
He will arrive tomorrow.
She will buy it tomorrow.
They will send a gift to him.
She will leave for college.
He will marry her.
He will not help you.
They will not meet you.
She will not go to college.
He will not marry her.
That student will not appear for the exam this year.
When will you repair your fan?
When will the teacher conduct the test?
When will you start practicing for the test?
What will you eat tonight?
Why will he do the wrong thing?
Why will he not send an invitation to him?
Why will he not appear for the examination?
Why will she not come here?
Why will he not work?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहे होंगे “ लगकर आता है।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सभी Subjects के साथ – WILL BE
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will be + V1 + ing + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will not be + V1 + ing + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + be + V1 + ing + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + not + be + V1 + ing + Object?
He will be preparing for his competition tomorrow.
You will be planning for the next step tomorrow evening.
It will be raining tomorrow.
You will be taking over the Advertisement department of the company after 2 days.
We will be going to America next year.
She will not be going to school tomorrow.
We will not be going to America next year.
It will not be raining tomorrow.
At what time will she be going to school tomorrow?
Why will we be going to America next year?
Will it be raining tomorrow?
Will she be singing songs at the event in the evening today?
Why will she not be going to school tomorrow?
Will it not be raining tomorrow?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” चुका होगा, चुकी होगी, चुके होंगे, लिया होगा, दिया होगा, गया होगा, ली होगी, दी होगी, की होगी “ लगकर आता है।
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सभी Subjects के साथ – WILL HAVE
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will have + V3 + Object.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will have + not + V3 + Object.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + have + V3 + Object?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + not + have + V3 + Object?
Which helping verb with which subject??
सभी Subjects के साथ – WILL HAVE
He will have earned a lot of money by 2025.
She will have graduated by 2020.
He will not have earned a lot of money by 2025.
She will not have graduated by 2020.
Will he have earned a lot of money by 2025?
Will she have graduated by 2020?
Will he have earned a lot of money by 2025?
Will she have graduated by 2020?
इस Tense के वाक्यों की पहचान है – क्रिया के साथ ” रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहे होंगे “ लगकर आता है और साथ ही ” समय के साथ से “ का जिक्र होता है।
से के लिए –
Since/From का प्रयोग – भविष्य में बीते कल के किसी निश्चित समय से के साथ – The word ‘since’ is used to express the exact time in which the action started.
For का प्रयोग – भविष्य में बीते कल से किसी समयावधि से के साथ – The word ‘for’ is used to express the duration of time.
किस Subject के साथ कौन सी Helping verb??
सभी Subjects के साथ – WILL HAVE BEEN
Rules:
Affirmative Sentence (सकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will have been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/From/For + {TIME}.
Negative Sentence (नकारात्मक वाक्य) –
Subject + will not have been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/From/For + {TIME}.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + have + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/From/For + {TIME}?
Negative Interrogative Sentence (नकारात्मक प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य) –
<WH> + will + Subject + not + have + been + V1 + ing + Obj + Since/From/For + {TIME}?
कौन-2 घर नहीं आया?
(Kaun-2 ghar nahi aaya?)
Past Indefinite Tense – Negative Interrogative Sentence
<Wh Family> + did + subject + not + V1 + obj.?
Who all did not come home?
मैं वहाँ कम से कम एक बार जाऊँगा।
(Main vahaan kam se kam ek baar jaunga.)
Future Indefinite Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + will + V1 + Obj.
I will go there at least once.
क्या वो खेल रहा है?
(Kya vo khel raha hai?)
Present Continuous Tense – Interrogative Sentence
<WH> + is/am/are + Subject + V1 + ing + Obj.?
Is he playing?
वो क्या खेल रहा है?
(Vo kya khel raha hai?)
Present Continuous Tense – Interrogative Sentence
<WH> + is/am/are + Subject + V1 + ing + Obj.?
What is he playing?
वो कब से खेल रहा है?
(Vo kab se khel raha hai?)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Interrogative Sentence
<WH> + has/have + sub. + been + V1 + ing + Obj. + since/for + {time}?
Since when has he been playing?
हम 4 बजे तक ऑफिस पहुँच चुके होंगे।
(Hum 4 baje tak office pahunch chuke honge.)
Future Perfect Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + will have + V3 + Obj.
We will have reached the office by 4 o’clock.
आप उसका दिल दुखाते हो।
(Aap uska dil dukhate ho.)
Present Indefinite Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + V1 + (s, es – 3rd person singular) + Obj.
You hurt him.
आपने उसका दिल दुखाया।
(Aapne uska dil dukhaya.)
Past Indefinite Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + V2 + Obj.
You hurt him.
उसके माता पिता उस पर भरोसा नहीं करते।
(Uske mata pita us par bharosa nahi karte.)
Present Indefinite Tense – Negative Sentence
Subject + does/do + not + V1 + obj.
His parents do not trust him.
मैंने किताब नहीं खरीदी।
(Maine kitaab nahi kharidi.)
Past Indefinite Tense – Negative Sentence
Subject + did + not + V1 + Obj.
I did not buy the book.
मैंने उसकी आवाज पहचान ली है।
(Mene uski aawaaz pahchan li hai.)
Present Perfect Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + has/have + V3 + Obj.
I have recognized his voice.
मुझे एक घडी मिली थी।
(Mujhe ek ghadi mili thi.)
Past Perfect Tense – Affirmative Sentence
Subject + had + V3+ Obj.
I had found a watch.
वो लोग मेरे साथ नहीं रहते हैं।
(Vo log mere sath nahi rahte hain.)
Present Indefinite Tense – Negative Sentence
Subject + does/do + not + V1 + Obj.
Those people do not live with me.
उसने गलती क्यों की?
(Usne Galati kyon kee.)
Past Indefinite Tense – Interrogative Sentence
<Wh Family> + did + subject + V1 + obj.?
Why did he make a mistake?